![]() The principle of Uniformitarianism states that the geologic processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geologic time. Geologists still use the following principles today as a means to provide information about geologic history and the timing of geologic events. Methods for relative dating were developed when geology first emerged as a natural science in the 18th century. Sixteen years after his discovery, he published a geological map of England showing the rocks of different geologic time eras. Due to that discovery, Smith was able to recognize the order that the rocks were formed. He also found that certain animals were in only certain layers and that they were in the same layers all across England. As he continued his job as a surveyor, he found the same patterns across England. While digging the Somerset Coal Canal in southwest England, he found that fossils were always in the same order in the rock layers. ![]() The regular order of the occurrence of fossils in rock layers was discovered around 1800 by William Smith. The Law of Superposition, which states that older layers will be deeper in a site than more recent layers, was the summary outcome of 'relative dating' as observed in geology from the 17th century to the early 20th century. Relative dating by biostratigraphy is the preferred method in paleontology and is, in some respects, more accurate. Though relative dating can only determine the sequential order in which a series of events occurred, not when they occurred, it remains a useful technique. Prior to the discovery of radiometric dating in the early 20th century, which provided a means of absolute dating, archaeologists and geologists used relative dating to determine ages of materials. In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic column with another. Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e., estimated age). Photo from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. ![]() These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. The Permian through Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah is a great example of Original Horizontality and the Law of Superposition, two important ideas used in relative dating. For the relative dating of words and sound in languages, see Historical linguistics.
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![]() Gross household monthly income refers to your basic employment income, trade/self-employed income, overtime pay, allowances, cash awards, commissions, and bonuses. Household monthly income per person is the total gross household monthly income divided by total number of family members sharing the same address (as reflected on the NRIC or Birth Certificate). The middle class calculator first asks you the state and metropolitan area you live in, your household income before taxes and the number of people who live in your house. Open access, high quality wealth and income inequality data developed by an international academic. For questions or to activate your card, visit the Contact information on this page. Payments are expected to be issued between October 2022 and January 2023. If you are eligible, you will automatically receive a payment. Next, enter the grade received and the number of credits for each class completed during the year. If this is the case for you, 1 credit 1 class. In middle school, classes often have the same weight. ![]() Generally, your application will be processed within 15 working days from the date of receipt of the completed application form with all supporting documents, and you would be informed of the outcome. Income Comparator The source for global inequality data. The Middle Class Tax Refund (MCTR) is a one-time payment to provide relief to Californians. This is useful if you have already completed previous school years and you wish to calculate your new cumulative GPA. Box 680, Bukit Merah Central Post Office, Singapore 911536. Once completed, please mail the form (and supporting documents, if any) to P.O. Here, or pick one up at any Community Centre/Club (CC), Community Development Council (CDC), Public Hospital or Polyclinic. Alternatively, you may download a hardcopy application form Singapore Citizens aged 21 and above can apply for CHAS online with their Singpass, on behalf of his/her household members. Using income to define the middle class has one significant drawback: It doesn’t account. Census Bureau’s 2020 median income of 67,521. To further determine your eligibility for CHAS, please complete and submit an application form. For example, the Pew Research Center defines middle-class households as those earning between two-thirds and two times the U.S. ![]() Shipping is free.įor plans that do not have a monthly contract, customers still pay taxes and fees. ![]() Business owners can pay $19.95 per month per user for Ooma Office or $24.95 per month per user for Ooma Office Pro. As of the time of publishing, the Ooma Telo Air costs $129.99 upfront and $0 a month, and the Ooma Telo is $99.99 upfront with no monthly fees. Ooma does offer more advanced internet phone solutions, and some require a monthly fee. The most budget-friendly option is Ooma Premier, which is $9.99 a month at the time of publishing and gives you access to an entire suite of features, including adding a second line and call blocking. For the most basic plans, you only pay for applicable taxes and fees. There is no monthly contract for basic Ooma phone service. Ooma Office Pro: All of the features included in Ooma office plus call recording, a desktop app and enhanced call blocking.Unlimited lines/users with private voicemail. Ooma Office: Phone system for small businesses.Ooma Premier: All the features included in Basic service and an additional suite of advanced features, including call blocking and upgraded privacy and mobility options.Ooma Basic: Unlimited, nationwide, crystal-clear calling for free.Ooma Telo 4G: Wireless phone service with a high-speed 4G LTE connection.Ooma Telo Air: Connects through your Wi-Fi, which lets you install the unit anywhere within range without worrying about the wires.All you pay are applicable taxes and fees. Ooma Telo: Nationwide calling for free.With the Ooma Telo Air and the Ooma Telo, phone service is $0 a month, shipping is free and customers only pay applicable taxes and fees.īelow is a breakdown of Ooma’s most popular plans: calling, advanced voice compression, encrypted calls, adaptive redundancy and the ability to access your voicemail all through the Ooma app. The company’s home phone solutions let you access free U.S. Ooma offers three residential home phone service options, the Ooma Telo, Ooma Telo Air and the Ooma Telo 4G. Some of the most popular business call management features include the mobile app, virtual receptionist, call park, ring groups. Calls are clear, and there are more than 35 features available to streamline productivity and improve communication. Ooma business plans do not require long-term contracts and make it easy to use a separate business line. ![]() GPT-4 is the latest Chat model released by OpenAI, improving upon GPT-3.5-turbo. This makes GPT-3.5 16k capable of reading much longer inputs, at a very affordable price. On June 13th, 2023, OpenAI made available GPT-3.5 16k which has a 16k tokens context window, four times bigger than the original GPT-3.5, at twice the cost. GPT-3.5 was made available via API on March 1st, 2023, and at a price 10x cheaper than the best GPT-3 model at the time (Davinci / text-davinci-003). What is the difference between GPT-3.5, GPT-4 and ChatGPT?ĬhatGPT is based on the GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT-4 OpenAI large language models, which have been built upon the GPT-3 family of models but specifically trained for conversational use. The big advantage of Claude models is that they have 100k tokens context window, which is the equivalent of 100-150 pages of text. It was made available as a chatbot at claude.ai in July 2023. Its performance at understanding and writing text and code is comparable to ChatGPT. What is Claude?Ĭlaude is a large language model (LLM) developed by Anthropicand launched in March 2023. Its performance at understanding and writing text and code was so far beyond anything that had existed before that it immediately acquired hundreds of millions of users. Stop looking unprofessional because of your language skills! Frequently Asked Questions What is ChatGPT?ĬhatGPT is an artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAIand launched in November 2022. Happy birthday, Google Docs we literally couldn’t do it without you.GPT for Docs can rewrite your emails or documents in flawless English. Over here on the Keyword team, we’re big Docs users: Everything you read on this very blog starts in a Doc - including our weekly newsletter, which we launched last year. As a result of COVID-19 and quarantine, we also saw people use Docs to create virtual escape rooms and organize mutual aid efforts.ġ5. They’ve used Docs to celebrate everyday victories, discover music and recommend movies. We saw the New York Times share how its staff turned to Google Docs during the pandemic to keep journalists and readers connected. Anyone who’s ever worked on a group Doc knows the upper right-hand corner can sometimes populate with Anonymous Animals - so in 2019, we partnered with the World Wildlife Fund to raise awareness about animals we hope don’t become anonymous.ġ4. Thanks to new features like Smart compose and Smart reply - made possible by machine learning and artificial intelligence - Docs has become a stronger collaboration tool for the more than three billion users who rely on Google Workspace.ġ3. In 2018, the Docs team came up with an Easter egg: Typing #blackhistorymonth into a Doc would trigger Explore in your doc, with information about Black history and the Black community.ġ2.She shares her tips and tricks regularly on her YouTube channel. Laura Mae Martin, Google’s Chief Productivity Advisor, always knows the best ways to get the most out of Docs.There was that time when none other than the Reading Rainbow team designed a book report template for Docs, which you can still use today.Lizzo and Sad13 used Google Docs to write music together, and they let us in on their creative process.When COVID-19 sent students and educators home, we shared ways they could make use of features like offline Docs and real-time commenting to keep learning and collaboration going remotely.The red error message at the top? That's “ketchup.” For instance, the yellow messages up at the top are called "butter," and the dialogs that pop out from the bottom right corner are called "toasts" because they pop out of a corner just like toast popping out from an upright toaster. Internally, the Docs team has breakfast-themed names for the widgets you see when you edit in Docs. ![]() In 2010, Docs got its first big update, adding things like the ability to see others editing and writing in shared documents and better importing features.“But that's exactly what we did.”Īs a much-deserved gift to Docs, here are 15 things about Google Docs that we’re celebrating - from important moments to tips and tricks, there’s a lot to love. “Everyone told us it was crazy to try and give people a way to access their documents from anywhere - not to mention share documents instantly, or collaborate online within their browser,” she wrote in a March 2006 blog post. Jen Mazzon was part of the original Docs team, or the Google Writely Team as it was then called. ![]() But it wasn’t always so obvious how useful - and loved - Docs would become. Officially launched to the world in 2006, Google Docs is a core part of Google Workspace. A year later, the collaborative writing tool became part of Google, and over time it evolved into Google Docs. In 2005, an easy-to-use, online word processor called Writely launched. ![]() ![]() ![]() After the 1892 installation of the Columbus Column in the circle's center, it became known as "Columbus Circle", although its other names were also used through the 1900s. An 1871 account of the park referred to the roundabout as a "grand circle". Ĭolumbus Circle was originally known generically as "The Circle". The Columbus Monument was placed at the center of the circle in 1892. The actual circle was approved two years later. Clearing of the land area for the circle started in 1868. Similar plazas were planned at the southeast corner of the park (now Grand Army Plaza), the northeast corner ( Duke Ellington Circle), and the northwest corner ( Frederick Douglass Circle). It abuts the Merchant's Gate, one of the park's eighteen major gates. The traffic circle, located at Eighth Avenue/Central Park West, Broadway, and 59th Street/Central Park South, was designed as part of Frederick Law Olmsted's 1857 vision for Central Park, which included a rotary on the southwest corner of the park. Hell's Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is located to the southwest, and the Theater District is to the southeast and the Lincoln Square section of the Upper West Side is to the northwest. The name is also used for the neighborhood that surrounds the circle for a few blocks in each direction. The circle is named after the monument of Christopher Columbus in the center, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The circle is the point from which official highway distances from New York City are measured, as well as the center of the 25 miles (40 km) restricted-travel area for C-2 visa holders. 61st Street, Ninth Avenue, 57th Street, Seventh Avenueġ, A, B, C, and D trains at 59th Street–Columbus Circle stationĬolumbus Circle is a traffic circle and heavily trafficked intersection in the New York City borough of Manhattan, located at the intersection of Eighth Avenue, Broadway, Central Park South ( West 59th Street), and Central Park West, at the southwest corner of Central Park. USDA Forest Service INT-364 Research Paper Ogden UtahĬole E, Lindsay A, Newton M, Bailey J (2018) Vegetation control and soil moisture depletion related to herbicide treatments on forest plantations in Northeastern Oregon. Weed Technol. Bulletin Office, MISC0235, pp 95–104Ĭole DM, Schmidt WC (1986) Site treatments influence development of a young mixed-species western larch stand. Washington State University Extension, Pullman, WA. In: Baumgartner DM, Boyd RJ, Breuer DW, Miller DL (eds) Proceedings of weed control for forest productivity in the interior west, February 5–7, 1985, Spokane, WA, USA. Tree Plant Notes 35(4):7–10īarber HW Jr (1995) Western larch stock types and season of planting in northeastern Washington In: Schmidt W, McDonald K (eds) Ecology and management of Larix Forests: a look ahead, proceedings of an international symposium Whitefish, Montana, Oct 5–9, 1992, USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, GTR-INT-319, Ogden, Utah, pp 209–212īoyd R (1986) Conifer performance following weed control site preparation treatments in the Inland Northwest. ![]() For Sci 53(5):600–610īarber HW Jr (1984) Effects of site preparation in survival and moisture stress of interior Douglas-sir seedlings planted in grass. Macro- and microclimatic conditions, including topography and soil depth, were likely contributors to differences in survival and growth.Īres A, Terry T, Harrington C, Devine W, Peter D, Bailey J (2007) Biomass removal, soil compaction, and vegetation control effects on five-year growth of Douglas-fir in coastal Washington. Size for all stock types was negatively correlated with vegetative cover and positively correlated with first-year soil moisture. Seedling size 7–8 years after planting was also highly variable among sites and treatments with larch seedlings being taller and larger than Douglas-fir seedlings, on the average. Overall, Douglas-fir had greater survival after 7–8 years than larch seedlings. Although some herbicide treatments significantly increased survival, results were not consistent among sites. ![]() Chemical site preparation treatments were applied in spring 2007, summer 2007, and spring 2008 to determine if such treatments would improve survival and growth of bareroot Douglas-fir and bareroot and plug western larch seedlings on three sites near Elgin, Oregon. Vegetation management treatments may increase soil moisture availability during the dry summer months, thereby increasing the probability of seedling survival. Deer, porcupine and beavers will also eat the needles.Ĭold Stream Farm supplies Douglas Fir trees which are grown as bare root seedlings and transplants and sold both wholesale and retail with no minimum order.Īdditional information on Pseudotsuga menziesii can be found on the link: USDA / NRCS plants database.Plantation success in northeastern Oregon can be limited by poor survival for western larch ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. Wildlife: Birds such as Siskins and Crossbills will eat the seeds. Even though the bark may be black, the tree can still survive. The Douglas Fir’s thick bark protects it from forest fires. Douglas firs were used by American Indians for medicinal purposes: stomach aches, headaches, and the common cold. Used as a accent or specimen in groups or clustered decoration. ![]() Good as a large shade or lawn tree, a Christmas tree. ![]() Is native to western North America both in Rocky Mountains and coastal regions. Soil / Climate: Douglas Fir do well in a variety of soils and climates. Mature Height/spread: Douglas fir commonly grow 100-250 ft high and have a 12-20 ft. Other Common Names: Douglas Fir, Douglas Tree, Oregon Pine, Douglas Pine ![]() But it gets more tedious to balance the total room value as each room (dining,bed) have to be separately jacked via spikes. A nice little meeting place for diplomats. If you want to RP, you can separate the office/throneroom/dining hall from the bedroom. I guess gold furniture is another way to go but I tend to aggressively grind weaponsmithing and not the skill for furniture. Easy to scale (up to 10 per square) and less hassle than other means. Spikes are my go to method for jacking value. And then I chuck in whatever stuff is requested, armor stands, coffers, etc.īags are a convenient and plentiful alternative for coffers. I have all items expanded to the entire room space. I generally stick all assignable items in a certain row (bed, throne, table, coffin) in a row so the room can be easily swapped if necessary. Would a 1500 value Iron throne be interpreted as 1500 in the room calcs? What effect does 'preferred thingies' have? A mayor may really like iron or some such. Not mentioned, and not like I have an answer anyways. Kitfox Discord #modding-discussion channelīronzemurder and Oilfurnace (illustrated) ![]() A three step guide:ĭownload DF Classic or install the premium version from Steam or Itch.ioįollow the quickstart guide on the wiki, or see other learning resources (below)Īsk any questions in the ☼Dwarf Fortress Questions Thread☼ - it's always active See the reasons for our rules here, and please report any problems!ĭF can be intimidating, but we're dedicated to helping new players. Use the ☼Dwarf Fortress Questions Thread☼ Want to start playing? Read this sidebar! ![]() ![]() The experience quickly became frustrating. There was constant buffering, stuttering, and the occasional instance of the stream randomly rewinding itself back in time. ![]() But such UX issues are slight compared to the bigger problem: the actual delivery of the stream. There's nary a link on the TV section to help you find it. What I couldn't find anywhere was the live timing and scoring, which actually lives in a different section of the F1 webpage. Thankfully you can change the audio for each onboard to the same selection as the main feed. At first it appeared as if these came with no audio at all, although that just turned out to be the default setting set to "Team Audio"-if the team isn't talking to the driver, there's nothing to hear. Click one of their names, and it brings up their onboard feed. Along the right hand side of the page is a list of all the drivers participating in the session. Additionally there are audio feeds in French, German, Spanish, as well as one with no talking soundtracked with just car sounds. Yes, that's the same bunch you now hear on ESPN calling the races. I'd been wondering exactly who F1 was going to get to provide commentary, and the answer is David Croft, Martin Brundle, and the rest of the team from the UK's Sky Sports. Once squared away, I fired up the stream and settled back to enjoy. Eh, who needs a 25-character password anyway? Advertisement Figuring it could be an issue with Chrome I switched to Safari, but I saw more of the same. I dutifully purchased a year's pass for F1 TV Pro, then spent some time getting site errors every time I tried to change my password. The first hint of trouble appeared as I went to sign up his morning in time for the second Free Practice session for this weekend's race. You still get the archives, documentaries, timing, scoring, and some radio feeds, but this tier only offers replays of each session. F1 TV Access-just $2.99 in the US-is a little more basic. F1 TV Pro-$11.99 per month here in the US-gets you the races as well as all the other track sessions live and on-demand after the fact, along with all 20 cars' onboard feeds, unedited team radio broadcasts, an archive of past F1 races, documentaries, live timing, and a driver tracking map. There are actually two different subscription levels on offer. But I'm not going to sugar coat it-this new F1 viewing option seems really quite mediocre, particularly considering the cost. Many other racing series have been live-streaming their races for some time now. This new stream probably represents the biggest fan-facing change Liberty has made since buying F1's commercial rights from a vulture fund, and it's an offering many of us have been crying out for. The introduction of its own online stream was a huge priority for Liberty Media, the sport's owner, which is trying to bring the 21st century to a series that until now had stoutly ignored the Internet. This week, Formula 1's long-anticipated Internet streaming service went live just ahead of the Spanish Grand Prix. The oldest race in the archives is also a classic! The 1998 Belgian Grand Prix. ![]() Some stand-by session hosts (deallocated) with standard SSD are then started with Power-On-Connect if a user tries to log in, and all of the ephemeral hosts are in use.In the morning, a bunch of ephemeral session hosts are automatically created to handle the first user storm.In addition, I added an “Autoscale” feature that is going hand-in-hand with Microsoft’s “Power-on-Connect”: I’m currently working on the following solution called “Project Hydra” to managed WVD. Site node: How to use ephemeral VMs in a very cool way? The temporary storage account is deleted.The disk is resized, and the signature for a 32 Gbyte disk is written.The disk is uploaded to a temporary created storage account (that takes a while).The Windows partition will be resized to 31 Gbyte.I recommend making a snapshot first and keep in mind that the process takes a while (between 20 and 60 minutes). So feel free to resize your Golden Master to 64 Gbyte, grab an image and deploy smaller session hosts - may be as ephemeral with #WVDAdmin / #AVDAdmin ![]() Therefore, I added this as a feature in WVDAdmin from the release of today. There are some good posts about doing that, but it’s not easy and needs many different steps. The challenge is to resize the Golden Master. My favorite is the ephemeral disk approach for some environments because this offers high performance for a low price and often fits Windows Virtual Desktop. If we go with a 64 Gbyte disk image, a D4ds_v4 can be used (4 cores, 16 Gbyte, 100GiB cache), which costs half. That is maybe not attractive for a single user session host. To run a 128 Gbyte Windows, (e.g.) a D8ds_v4 (8 cores, 32 Gbyte RAM, 200 GiB cache) is needed. Unfortunately, the cache size is limited based on the VM size. No costs for the disk and high performance. VMs with ephemeral disks living on the Azure hypervisor without a network-attached disk - the OS disks are created directly in the cache of the hypervisor. Usually 50% less and with the same performance for HDD and standard SSD (the premium disk has more IOPS for the larger size)Įphemeral disks for smaller VM sizes: Ephemeral disks are really good for VM without local user data - like session hosts using FSLogix. A clean Windows installation has a size of less than 40 Gbyte, and a 64 Gbyte OS disk is usually sufficient - even if FSLogix is used to store personal data.īut what are the advantages of smaller disks? First, they are some reason to use smaller disks, like:Ī smaller disk costs less. So, all of your VM based on that image are deployed with a 128 Gbyte disk - even a “Golden Master” - typically used to build Azure Windows Virtual Desktop images. A Windows 10 image from the marketplace has a size of 128 Gbyte. ![]() I created a MongoDB Dictionary skill for the Amazon Echo line of products. There are a lot of MongoDB specific terms in this post. However, for a product that has only been out for less than a year and a half, this is a great start.Ĭompass has a lot more features that I didn’t cover here, I would encourage you to download it for your Windows, OS X, or Linux system and discover a new way to visualize your MongoDB data and graphically manage your system. Heck, I still wind up using the command line to perform tasks in Windows and OS X. There are still tasks that currently still require using the command line. Not all functionality of managing and maintaining a MongoDB database server and associated collections is possible. I realize that Compass is not the end-all answer to MongoDB management. Once again, the GUI interface provided by Compass provides, in my opinion, an easier way to grasp what is going on with the MongoDB Server. ![]() All the information can be obtained from the command line using various tools that come with MongoDB, such as mongostat and mongotop, and the profiler for slow queries. Meaning the collections with the most activities as well as information on slow running queries (potential candidates for indexes here). It also provides information on the Hottest Collections. Compass provides a GUI interface for server performance for the metrics of Operations, Read & Write, Network, and Memory usage. The last of the features that I want to discuss in this post is the ability to get insights into some of the operational aspects of the database itself. Further, being able to see the results of the explain plan visually is of benefit, of course, you can also see the raw JSON as well for a more in-depth look at the results. I might argue though that the creation of indexes in Compass is easier with many of the various index creation nuances during the creation step. Once again, all of this can be done in the shell right? We can create an index in the shell with db.collection.createIndex() and we can get explain results in the shell as well. Create Index with Compass Find with a defined and used Index And what and how many steps and time MongoDB had to go through to return the documents. Once created it provides detailed feedback about the performance of a query. ![]() ![]() This feature alone in Compass makes it worth the download, but there is much more! Creating and dropping databases and collections is possible in Compass and, as I pointed out in a previous post on indexing MongoDB collections, indexes can have a huge impact on the performance of queries. Compass provides an intuitive interface for index creation. However, the time and effort involved to get there is much greater. The same results can certainly be obtained with shell commands. All based on the data presented in the schema visualization. This allows for the ability to easily choose, sort, and query the collection. One gets immediate information on types, ranges, and frequency of fields in a collection. This provides an easy to see snapshot of how the collection is designed in an easy to use GUI fashion. Compass provides a visual interface which samples a subset of the data in a collection and analyzes the documents from within this subset. However, from the shell it can pose limitations on knowing the exact makeup of a collection’s schema. This is a powerful feature for schema design. One of the great features of MongoDB is that it has a flexible data model. Like many GUI tools, it aims to offer an easier interface for accomplishing many tasks one might otherwise do in the mongo shell. In this post, I’d like to take a look at some of the more useful features that Compass provides for managing your MongoDB databases and collections. As of this writing, we are now on version 1.6. Since it’s original release in December of 2015 several versions and upgrades have been added. This is the case for MongoDB‘s Compass product. Many of these tools provided much of the functionality that could be achieved in the command line, certainly, the majority of the most common tasks were included in an easier to use and visualize format. Along came the graphical user interface (GUI) both in terms of operating systems and a variety of tools. Everyone got used to living in the shell and knowing a multitude of commands, arguments, and syntax to achieve even the smallest of tasks. For that matter, Microsoft wasn’t a glimmer yet. Apple had yet to come out with the Macintosh, Windows was not even a glimmer in the eye of Microsoft. When I first started using computers, everything was done through the command line. |
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